Glossary

Scalable Vector Graphics: an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. It is the standard vector format for the web.

A font format defined within SVG using the element. Largely deprecated in favor of WOFF2 but still used for color emoji fonts on some platforms.

Small Web Format: the compiled output format for Adobe Flash animations and applications. Officially discontinued in 2020 when Flash reached end of life.

Split Windows Imaging: a WIM file split into multiple smaller files for distribution on size-limited media like FAT32 USB drives.

Windows System File: typically a kernel-mode driver or system configuration file essential for Windows operation.

Software as a Service: a cloud computing model where applications are hosted by a provider and made available to users over the internet on a subscription basis. Examples include Slack, Salesforce, an...

A safe and fast file format for storing tensors (ML model weights) developed by Hugging Face. Designed to prevent arbitrary code execution unlike Pickle.

An isolated testing environment that mimics end-user operating conditions where suspicious code or files can be executed without risking damage to the host system. Sandboxes are used in malware analys...

A programming language that combines object-oriented and functional programming paradigms, running on the JVM. Scala is used for building scalable, concurrent applications and is the language behind A...

Empirical relationships showing how AI model performance improves predictably as model size, dataset size, or compute budget increases. Scaling laws have guided the development of increasingly large f...

Source code for Scheme, a minimalist Lisp dialect emphasizing functional programming. Widely used in computer science education and language research.

A systematic evaluation of an organization's information systems, policies, and procedures to assess compliance with security standards and identify vulnerabilities. Security audits can be internal or...

A stream editor script for performing text transformations. One of the foundational Unix text processing tools alongside AWK and grep.

A machine learning paradigm where the model generates its own training labels from the input data, without human annotation. Techniques like masked language modeling and contrastive learning enable pr...

A search approach that understands the intent and contextual meaning of a query rather than relying solely on keyword matching. Semantic search uses embeddings and vector similarity to find relevant r...

An NLP technique that identifies and extracts subjective information from text, determining whether the expressed opinion is positive, negative, or neutral. Sentiment analysis is widely used in brand...

A technique where web pages are rendered on the server and sent as fully formed HTML to the browser. SSR improves initial load performance, SEO, and accessibility compared to client-side rendering, an...

A cloud execution model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation and provisioning of servers. Developers write functions that are triggered by events, paying only for the compute ti...

A dedicated infrastructure layer for managing service-to-service communication in microservices architectures. A service mesh provides traffic management, security (mTLS), observability, and resilienc...

A JavaScript file that runs in the background, separate from the web page, enabling features like offline caching, push notifications, and background sync. Service workers are a key technology behind...