Networking

Address Resolution Protocol: a network protocol used to map an IP address to a physical (MAC) address on a local area network. ARP operates at the data link layer and is essential for communication be...

Border Gateway Protocol: the routing protocol that manages how packets are routed across the internet between autonomous systems. BGP is considered the backbone protocol of the internet, determining t...

The maximum rate of data transfer across a network path, typically measured in bits per second (bps, Mbps, Gbps). Bandwidth determines the capacity of a network connection and affects how quickly data...

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: a network management protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, gateways, and other network parameters to devices on a network, eliminating th...

Domain Name System: the hierarchical decentralized naming system that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., example.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 93.184.216.34) that computers use to communica...

A protocol that sends DNS queries over encrypted HTTPS connections instead of traditional unencrypted UDP. DNS over HTTPS enhances privacy by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data, mak...

A family of wired networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LANs). Ethernet defines the physical and data link layer standards for wired connections, with speeds ranging from 10 Mb...

File Transfer Protocol: a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and server over a TCP-based network. FTP supports authentication and allows both uploading and download...

A network node that serves as an entry point to another network, often performing protocol translation between incompatible networks. A default gateway is the router that connects a local network to t...

HyperText Transfer Protocol: the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. HTTP is a stateless, application-layer protocol that defines how messages are formatted and transmitted between...

HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure: the encrypted version of HTTP that uses TLS (Transport Layer Security) to protect data transmitted between a browser and a web server. HTTPS ensures confidentiality...

Internet Control Message Protocol: a network protocol used by network devices to send error messages and operational information. ICMP is the protocol behind diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute,...

Internet Message Access Protocol: a protocol for retrieving email messages from a mail server that keeps messages stored on the server. Unlike POP3, IMAP allows users to access their email from multip...

Internet Protocol version 4: the fourth version of the Internet Protocol, using 32-bit addresses that allow approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. IPv4 remains the most widely deployed internet p...

Internet Protocol version 6: the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, using 128-bit addresses that provide a virtually unlimited number of unique addresses. IPv6 was designed to replace IPv4...

Local Area Network: a computer network that interconnects devices within a limited area such as a home, office, or building. LANs typically use Ethernet or Wi-Fi technologies and offer high bandwidth...

The time delay between sending a request and receiving a response over a network, typically measured in milliseconds. Latency is affected by physical distance, network congestion, routing, and process...

Media Access Control Address: a unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) by the manufacturer. MAC addresses are 48-bit values expressed as six hexadecimal pairs (e.g...

Multiprotocol Label Switching: a routing technique that directs data through a network using short path labels rather than long network addresses, enabling fast and efficient packet forwarding. MPLS i...

A network communication method that sends data from one source to multiple specific recipients simultaneously, without duplicating the data for each destination. Multicast is used for video streaming,...